1. In computer networking, an IP address can be represented as an integer, and vice versa. This involves two representations of IP addresses: binary and dotted-decimal notation.

2. IP Address to Integer:

• ① Convert the four octets of the IP address to decimal integers.
• ② Convert each decimal integer to binary, padding to an 8-bit binary number.
• ③ Concatenate these four 8-bit binary numbers to form a 32-bit binary number.
• ④ Convert this 32-bit binary number to a decimal integer.

3. Integer to IP Address:

• ① Convert the integer to a 32-bit binary number.
• ② Divide this 32-bit binary number into four 8-bit segments.
• ③ Convert each 8-bit binary number to a decimal integer.
• ④ Join these four decimal numbers with dots to form a complete IP address.